Lipoprotein(a) and Apolipoprotein B as Emerging Predictors of Residual Cardiovascular Risk in Statin-Treated Patients

Despite optimal statin therapy, many patients experience residual cardiovascular risk, highlighting the need for additional biomarkers to refine risk prediction. This review examines the emerging roles of Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) as independent predictors of cardiovascular events in statin-treated populations. We discuss their pathophysiology, measurement standardization, and clinical utility in identifying high-risk patients who may benefit from intensified therapy. Current evidence supports their integration into risk assessment models, particularly for patients with controlled LDL-C but persistent cardiovascular risk. Challenges in clinical implementation and future therapeutic strategies targeting Lp(a) and ApoB are also explored.