Metabolomic Profiling in Cardiovascular Disease: Identification of Metabolic Biomarkers for Risk Prediction and Therapy Response

Metabolomic profiling has emerged as a powerful tool for identifying novel metabolic biomarkers in cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review explores the role of metabolomics in uncovering dysregulated metabolic pathways associated with CVD, including lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and oxidative stress. We highlight key metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and acylcarnitines, which have shown promise in risk prediction and therapy response. The integration of metabolomic data with clinical and genetic information offers potential for personalized medicine, enabling early intervention and tailored therapeutic strategies. Challenges in standardization, reproducibility, and clinical validation are discussed, along with future directions for translating metabolomic findings into clinical practice.