Phillips Gabriel¹, Campbell Ivy², Parker Jayden³, Evans Aria⁴, Edwards Elijah⁵, Collins Nora⁶, Stewart Dylan⁷
ABSTRACT:
Inflammation plays a central role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), with interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) emerging as key mediators. This review examines the pathophysiological interplay between these biomarkers in vascular dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and plaque destabilization. We discuss clinical evidence supporting their use in risk prediction, therapeutic monitoring, and personalized treatment strategies. Special emphasis is placed on recent advances in high-sensitivity assays, genetic insights, and anti-inflammatory therapies. Challenges in clinical implementation and future directions for precision medicine approaches are explored.