Schäfer Jonas¹, Böhm Leni², Vogt Theo³, Busch Clara⁴, Albers Finn⁵, Stahl Nele⁶
ABSTRACT:
Heart failure (HF) remains a global health challenge with high morbidity and mortality, necessitating advanced tools for risk stratification and personalized management. This review explores the role of multimarker strategies in differentiating and prognosticating heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We discuss the pathophysiological basis of traditional biomarkers (e.g., BNP, NT-proBNP, troponins) and emerging omics-based markers (e.g., proteomics, metabolomics, microRNAs), their clinical utility, and integration into diagnostic algorithms. Future directions include the development of dynamic risk models, point-of-care testing, and AI-driven analytics to optimize patient outcomes.