Smith Olivia¹, Johnson William², Brown Ava³, Taylor James⁴, Anderson Emily⁵, Thomas Benjamin⁶, Jackson Sophia⁷, White Henry⁸
ABSTRACT:
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnostic tools. This review explores the role of cardiac-specific and systemic biomarkers in the early diagnosis and prognostication of ACS. We discuss the pathophysiological basis of biomarker release, advancements in high-sensitivity assays, and the clinical utility of troponins, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and emerging markers such as inflammatory cytokines and microRNAs. The integration of these biomarkers into diagnostic algorithms and their potential to guide therapeutic decisions are highlighted. Future directions include the development of multi-marker panels, point-of-care testing, and the application of artificial intelligence for personalized risk stratification.