Koch Lea¹, Wagner Tom², Schmidt Ben³, Wagner Lea⁴, Meyer Emma⁵, Richter Nina⁶, Schmidt Anna⁷, Müller Leon⁸
ABSTRACT:
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its microvascular complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. This review evaluates the clinical utility of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in early-stage T2D, focusing on their diagnostic and prognostic potential. We discuss key biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which reflect the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defense. Advances in detection technologies, including mass spectrometry and ELISA, are highlighted, along with challenges in standardization and clinical implementation. The review concludes with future directions, emphasizing multi-marker panels and point-of-care devices for early risk stratification and personalized intervention in diabetic complications.