Targeting Epigenetically Regulated Biomarkers in Solid Tumors: Diagnostic Relevance and Therapeutic Implications

Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA dysregulation, play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. These modifications serve as promising biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring in solid tumors. This review explores the diagnostic relevance of epigenetically regulated biomarkers across major cancers (e.g., breast, lung, colorectal) and their potential as therapeutic targets. We highlight advances in detection technologies, such as bisulfite sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation, and discuss FDA-approved epigenetic therapies (e.g., DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors). Challenges in biomarker validation, tumor heterogeneity, and drug resistance are addressed, along with future directions in multi-omic integration and combinatorial epigenetic-immune therapies for precision oncology.