Multi-Omics Approaches to the Identification of Diagnostic and Predictive Biomarkers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Advances and Clinical Challenges

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 amplification, limiting targeted therapy options. Current diagnostic and prognostic tools are insufficient to capture the molecular heterogeneity of TNBC, underscoring the need for robust biomarkers. This review explores the potential of multi-omics approaches—integrating genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—to identify diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in TNBC. We highlight advances in high-throughput technologies, computational modeling, and biomarker validation, alongside challenges in clinical translation. Emerging strategies, such as liquid biopsies and immune profiling, are discussed for their role in refining TNBC subtyping and guiding personalized treatment. The review concludes with a roadmap for overcoming barriers to implementation, including standardization, cost, and ethical considerations.