Anderson Emily¹, Thompson Jack², Carter Olivia³,Bennett Henry⁴, Mitchell Ava⁵, Harris Ethan⁶, Foster Grace⁷, Morgan Lucas⁸, Reed Sophia⁹
ABSTRACT:
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition associated with a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), primarily driven by chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Traditional risk assessment tools often fail to capture the full complexity of these pathophysiological processes, leading to under- or overestimation of cardiovascular risk in individuals with MetS. This review aims to provide an integrative evaluation of circulating inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers and assess their utility in enhancing cardiovascular risk stratification among individuals with MetS. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of recent clinical and translational studies evaluating key biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin.