Neumann Elias¹, Fischer Lena², Hoffmann Jonas³, TurnerGrace⁴, Weber Noah⁵, Klein Emilia⁶, Schneider Liam⁷, Roth Mia⁸
ABSTRACT:
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are global health burdens with high morbidity and mortality. Traditional markers like serum creatinine lack sensitivity for early detection. Methods and Results: This review evaluates 150+ studies on urinary biomarkers, including NGAL, KIM-1, L-FABP, and exosomal miRNAs, for AKI/CKD diagnosis and prognosis. Multi-marker panels improve diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.85) and predict progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Conclusion: Urinary biomarkers offer non-invasive, real-time monitoring but require standardization for clinical adoption.