Immunotherapy in Autoimmune Diseases: Current Insights

Immunotherapy has emerged as a cornerstone in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, providing new therapeutic options for conditions that were previously difficult to manage. Autoimmune diseases, in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, are diverse and encompass disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and type 1 diabetes. Conventional treatments often involve broad immunosuppression, but these therapies can come with significant side effects. Recent advances in immunotherapy have focused on selectively modulating the immune response, either by enhancing or suppressing specific components of the immune system. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases. We explore the mechanisms by which immunotherapy works, including the modulation of T-cells, cytokines, and B-cells, as well as the development of monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors.